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Max Weber’s Theory of Bureaucracy
Max Weber (1864-1920) was born in western Germany. He studied law at the university of Heidelberg.
He joined University of Berlin as an instructor in law. He wrote a number of papers on law, and social, political and economic factors prevalent during that time.
His major writings were, ‘The Theory of Economic and Social Organisations’, ‘General Economic History’, ‘Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism’ (1904).
He studied law and economics and he became a specialist in the interpretation of religious doctrines and he was a notable biblical scholar.
He had a thorough grasp of ancient Roman administration, medieval trading companies, and the modern stock exchange.
He became a specialist in the comparative history of urban institutions. He also made a special study of social and psychological conditions of productivity in a West German textile mill.
He studied methodology of social studies. Weber always preferred knowledge obtained through practical experience to library research.
His writings reflect the social conditions of Germany of his time. He saw the decline of liberalism and threat to individual in the bureaucratisation of the society.
Unification of Germany under Bismarck and elimination of liberal middle class movement convinced Weber that the great goal could be achieved through power policies. (Prasad. et.al. p.77)
WEBER’S BUREAUCRACY
THE CONTEXT Scientific management and theory of bureaucracy mark the first major developments in the theory of organisation.
These theories were responding to the needs of industrial organizations. Theory of bureaucracy was needed to bring the efficiency in its functioning.
As stated by Weber ‘no special proof is necessary to show that military discipline is ideal model for the modern capitalist factory. (Clegg and Dunkerley, p.75).
The example of a most developed form of organization, bureaucracy, the theory of which Weber found, is developed from the Prussian military forces, and which enterprises such as the British Railway Companies actually found in the ranks of the British Army, was to become the specific form of management of big business.
Weber felt that emergence of modern bureaucratic organisation is ‘demanded’, he further says ‘a peculiarity of modern culture’, and specific of its technical and economic basis, demands the very ‘calculability of results’ (Clegg and Dunkerley, p.81).
More specifically ‘today it is primarily the capitalist market economy which demands the official business of the administration be discharged precisely, unambiguously, continuously, and with as much speed as possible’ (Clegg and Dunkerley, p.80.)
Bureaucratisation offers above all, optimum possibility for carrying through the principle of specialising administration functioning according to purely objective considerations. (Clegg and Dunkerley, p.80).
Above lines show that the Weber’s theory of bureaucracy was a response to the demands of industrial capitalist economy, which required an efficient administration.
While Taylor attempted to rationalise functions of modern factory, Weber made an attempt at the rationalisation of bureaucratic structures. Both of them emphasised on control and discipline in the working of organisations.
Theory of Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy was discussed prior to Weber’s writings. The invention of word bureaucracy belongs to Vincent de Journey, a French economist in 1745.
He took the conventional term ‘bureau’ meaning writing-table and office, and added to it the word derived from the Greek suffix for the ‘rule’, in order to signify bureaucracy as the rule of officials.
It rapidly became a standard and accepted term in the conventions of political discourse. (Clegg and Dunkerley, p.75).
By the end of 19th century the term was widely held to have been of German origin. J.S. Mill, an eminent political scientist included bureaucracy in his series of analysis. Karl Marx also discussed about bureaucracy at certain places.
According to Marx, bureaucracy like a state itself is an instrument by which the dominant class exercise its domination over the other social classes. (Mohit Bhattacharya, p.52).
Hegel conceived the governing bureaucracy of public administration as a bridge between the state and the civil society.
Bureaucracy as an institution existed in China even in the period of 186 B.C, public offices were in existence and persons for those offices were recruited through competitive examinations even then. (Prasad et. al. p.79).
The above discussion shows that there existed a bureaucracy much earlier to Weberian writings and also there were attempts to understand the bureaucracy by different writings.
But the Weber is considered to be the first person to attempt a systematic understanding of bureaucracy.
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| Author | – |
| Language | English |
| No. of Pages | 17 |
| PDF Size | 0.1 MB |
| Category | Education |
| Source/Credits | egyankosh.ac.in |
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